Microfluidic Electrochemical Cell Array in Series: Effect of Shunt Current
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Stacking of microfluidic fuel cells and redox batteries may cause internal current losses and reduced performance compared to single cells. In the present work, these internal current losses are investigated experimentally for an array of two microfluidic vanadium redox batteries based on flow-through porous electrodes. A unique cell array design is proposed, having two pairs of flow-through electrodes situated in a single co-laminar flow manifold. The two electrochemical cells are connected electrically in series and have series fluidic connection through the electrolyte in order to reuse the partially consumed reactants from the first, upstream cell in the second, downstream cell. The cell array prototype demonstrates a maximum power output of 9 mW and a maximum current of 13.5 mA. However, current losses up to 1.75 mA are observed at open circuit, which is attributed to reactant discharge through a parasitic cross-cell comprising of one electrode from each electrochemical cell in the shared manifold. This current loss, appearing in the form of a shunt current, is shown to be proportional to the cell potential. The drop in coulombic efficiency is calculated to quantify the effect of the shunt current. Recommendations for mitigation of shunt current in microfluidic cell arrays are provided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".