Synthesis of Visible Light-Active Nanostructured TiO<sub>2</sub>via Femtosecond Laser Irradiation in Air
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we report formation of weblike fibrous nanostructure and nanoparticles with Ti-oxide nanospheres due to irradiation of bulk titanium samples with femtosecond laser radiation at megahertz pulse repetition frequency in air at atmospheric pressure. The formation of a fibrous nanostructure layer on the treated surface leads to a significant decrease in the reflection of visible radiation. For the visible wavelength, the decreased reflection is a result of the nature of the nanostructure. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the nanostructure is formed due to aggregation of polycrystalline nanoparticles of the respective constituent materials. The nanoparticle diameter varies between 30 and 90 nm and the nanoparticles are mixed with nanospheres of a few nanometers in diameter. Micro-Raman analysis revealed metallic and oxide phases in the nanostructure. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of rutile TiO2. The growth of TiO2 nanostructure is highly recommended for the applications of dye-sensitized solar cells and the results suggest that the pulsed-laser method is a promising technique for growing nanocrystalline TiO2 films for photovoltaic applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".