Energy and nutrient utilization responses of ducks to enzyme supplementation of soybean meal and wheat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The potential benefits of exogenous dietary enzymes in duck nutrition have been studied to a limited extent. Thus, the effects of protease and a cocktail of xylanase, amylase, and protease (Avizyme) on dry matter (DM), energy and nitrogen (N) utilization from soybean meal (SBM) and wheat, respectively, were investigated in White Pekin ducks in two 102-h studies. In exp. 1, three dietary treatments consisting of SBM supplemented with 0, 7500, or 15 000 units of protease acitivity kg-1 of soybean meal were each tube-fed to 12 ducks (4.41 ± 0.302 kg). In exp. 2, three dietary treatments consisting of wheat supplemented with 0, 450 units of xylanase, 600 units of amylase, and 6000 units of protease activity kg-1 or 600 units of xylanase, 800 units of amylase, and 12 000 units of protease activity kg-1 of wheat were each tube-fed to eight ducks (4.07 ± 0.363 kg). All birds were tube fed 30 g of dextrose at 24 and 30 h after feed withdrawal. Thirty grams of each diet were tube-fed at 48 and 54 h after feed withdrawal. Excreta were quantitatively collected during the 54 h after the first feeding. Endogenous energy and N per bird in the 54 h collection period in exp. 1 were 50.7 kcal ± 27.51 kcal and 1.595 ± 0.635 g, respectively. Corresponding values for exp. 2 were 27.5 ± 16.7 kcal and 0.96 ± 0.619 g, respectively. Protease supplementation to SBM improved energy (P < 0.05) utilization and tended to improve DM and N (P < 0.10) compared with the control. The AME, AMEn, TME, and TMEn values were higher (P < 0.05) in protease-supplemented SBM than in control. Avizyme addition to wheat did not affect DM or N utilization (P > 0.10). The only response criteria improved (P < 0.05) by Avizyme supplementation of wheat were AMEn and TMEn. It is concluded that energy and nutrient utilization in White Pekin ducks can be improved with exogenous dietary enzyme supplementation. Key words: Exogenous enzymes, energy and nitrogen metabolism, wheat, soybean meal,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".