Continuous Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Low Catalyst Concentration in a Tubular Reactor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Continuous ARGET ATRP of butyl methacrylate was carried out in an 850 mL tubular reactor using parts per million levels of copper catalyst and stoichiometric amounts of ligand to copper under industrially relevant conditions without monomer and solvent purification. A copper(II) bromide/tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine complex was used as catalyst, and tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate was chosen as the reducing agent. It was found that stainless steel fittings and/or storage tanks had an adverse effect on polymerization rate, underlining the importance of the choice of chemically inert tubing. The problem of lower rate was solved by increasing the amount of reducing agent in the system fourfold, under which conditions the molecular weight development and polymerization rate in the tubular system compared well to that in a batch reactor. Thus, ARGET ATRP can be made significantly faster and more robust through the judicious use of an inexpensive and non‐hazardous reducing agent. The tubular reactor produces polymer with a controlled molecular weight distribution continuously and reliably, demonstrating its potential for industrial adoption. magnified image
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".