Experimental Investigation of New Ultra Wideband In-Phase and Quadrature-Phase Power Splitters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The design and realization of a new in-phase and quadrature-phase power splitters for ultra wideband (UWB) applications are described in this paper. The in-phase power splitter is first designed and then the quadrature-phase power splitter (QPS) is developed using the designed in-phase power splitter, a conventional microstrip transmission line (MS) TL, and a well-synthesized metamaterial (MM) TL. The phase response of the MM TL is synthesized to achieve the desired 90° phase difference over an UWB frequency range. Two splitters were designed, implemented for UWB operation and experimentally demonstrated. To examine the performances of the proposed splitters, even-odd mode analysis, numerical simulations and experimental measurements were carried out. The comparison between simulated and experimental results shows a good agreement. Results show that the proposed in-phase power splitter has good insertion loss with equal power split, acceptable return loss at all ports and satisfactory isolation performances within the whole UWB frequency range. The proposed QPS has an output amplitude imbalance of less than 2.4 dB and a phase error of less than +15° from 3.0–9.0 GHz (100% FBW).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".