Female mating success and risk of pre‐reproductive death in a protandrous grasshopper
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Numerous studies have assessed the adaptive value of protandry for males in several insect species, considering that male emergence is determined by female availability. However, the possible advantage of the time of emergence for females on their mating success in protandrous insect species has only been explored theoretically. By studying the grasshopper Sphenarium purpurascens we evaluated the hypothesis that late emergence could be adaptive for females. If female maturation occurs when the population density is higher and the sex ratio (males/females) is biased to males, their probability of mating increases. Thus, in this study we estimated (1) the opportunity for mating in females as a function of their sexual maturation time, population density, and sex ratio at the moment they reached sexual maturity. In addition, (2) an analysis incorporating female body size and the total number of female matings was performed. Both analyses support the occurrence of protandry in the studied population. Under the first approach, females with intermediate maturation time had a higher probability of being mated than earlier and late matured females. Thus, it suggests that stabilising selection is acting on female maturation time and this may affect selection on male maturation time. Furthermore, the proportion of mated females increased when the sex ratio was biased to males, and stabilising selection on maturation time was detected also. However, the number of matings of a female depended on her body size. Females with larger body size had more matings than smaller ones at the beginning of the reproductive season. Because selection acts differently on maturation time in males and females of S. purpurascens this result is consistent with a condition for the maintenance of protandry in the population. The present results are discussed in the light of the models for the evolution of protandry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".