High-resolution observations of an amorphous layer and subsurface damage formed by femtosecond laser irradiation of silicon
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we observed the micro- and nanostructures of silicon after irradiation by ∼150fs duration pulses centered at 800nm wavelength. Specimens irradiated with a single pulse of 11J∕cm2 fluence and with five pulses, each with a fluence of 1.3J∕cm2, exhibited various structures which included amorphous phases. The amorphous phases were pure silicon, as was revealed by high-resolution TEM imaging, nanobeam diffraction patterns, high-angle annular dark-field images, conventional diffraction images, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectra. Irradiation with a single pulse of 1.5J∕cm2 produced neither amorphous material nor lattice defects. Single-pulse irradiation at a fluence of 33J∕cm2 and irradiation by four pulses at 11J∕cm2 led to substantial subsurface damage around the center of the laser spot. It is concluded that multiple-pulse irradiation produces crystallographic damage more readily than a single pulse.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it