Royden Loewen and Gerald Friesen . Immigrants in Prairie Cities: Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth‐Century Canada . Buffalo, N.Y. : University of Toronto Press . 2009 . Pp. viii, 257. $27.95.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
“Multiculturalism,” Royden Loewen and Gerald Friesen declare, “has become an internationally recognized symbol of contemporary Canada” (p. 3). Their book focuses on five Canadian prairie cities: Winnipeg, Calgary, Edmonton, and, to a lesser extent, Regina and Saskatoon over the last century. It is a major contribution to scholarship about the interactions of immigrants and host societies or what the authors succinctly describe as “people meeting people” (p. 5). Their interwoven themes are the “webs of significance,” the intertwined social and cultural networks that linked ethnic groups; the “imagined” boundary zones, such as schools, the marketplace, and political organizations, where newcomers and Canadians met; and an interstitial space that was neither “new” nor “old” Canadian and that changed over time as barriers became more permeable and society more open. Winnipeg in particular has long traditions of being multiethnic, of having hybrid cultures, and of receiving successive waves of immigrants. Of the eight chapters, three written by Friesen deal with Winnipeg while two by Loewen focus on the other four cities. Given Winnipeg's long history and historically clear‐cut spatial division between “immigrant” and “established” neighborhoods, treating it separately is logical. Alas, however, there is no map of Winnipeg's neighborhoods.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".