Revisiting the Politics of Class in Urban Development: Evidence from the Study of the Social Dynamics of Economic Performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We contribute to a revised politics of class in urban development by drawing on recent theoretical work on class tensions and inequalities as a barrier to more egalitarian and sustainable economic development. We provide evidence from an empirical study of the social dynamics of economic performance in the city of Kingston, Ontario, to argue that class politics is a key dimension of social dynamics in this unusually segmented and spatially segregated Canadian city. Our findings suggest that poor economic performance can be understood through a class lens in two ways. First, “creative class” economic development strategies and growth machine politics perpetuate economic stagnancy because they fail to confront underlying class inequalities. Second, the absence of collaborative and socially inclusive leadership—a contributor to poor economic performance—emerges when local institutional leaders fail to find common ground over social problems. We conclude with questions about how policymakers can alleviate class divides for better economic performance as well as contribute to the new debates in the literature on class and urban development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".