Quantitative study of persistence of human norovirus genome in water using TaqMan real-time RT-PCR
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: To evaluate the persistence of human norovirus (NoV) in different types of water at various temperatures using conventional and TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). METHODS AND RESULTS: Water from different sources was spiked with NoV and incubated at different temperatures over a 3-month period. NoV viral RNA was amplified by one-step TaqMan real-time RT-PCR and by conventional two-step RT-PCR. NoV persisted in mineral and tap water for over 2 months at all tested temperatures but disappeared after 100 days. At 4 and -20 degrees C, viral degradation was slower than that at 25 degrees C. In river water and effluent from primary sewage treatment, a slight reduction in viral load was observed after 1 month at 4 degrees C. This is the first demonstration of medium-to-long-term survival of human NoVs in different types of water using TaqMan real-time detection. CONCLUSIONS: NoV genome may persist for long periods of time in different types of water. Quantitative TaqMan real-time RT-PCR is a sensitive system that allows accurate evaluation of the persistence of human NoVs in different water samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our study is one of the few to demonstrate the ability of NoV to survive for a long time in water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".