Water Chloride Provides Partial Protection during Chronic Exposure to Waterborne Silver in Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) Embryos and Larvae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rainbow trout embryos and larvae were continuously exposed (at 12.5 degrees C) to waterborne silver in a flow-through setup, from fertilization to swim-up, at nominal silver concentrations of 0, 0.1, or 1.0 microg/L total silver (as AgNO(3)) at three different water Cl(-) levels (30, 300, and 3,000 microM, added as KCl). Exposures were conducted in synthetic soft water (hardness 20 mg CaCO(3)/L generated from reconstituted reverse osmosis freshwater). Continuous exposure to 1.0 microg/L total silver for 58 d at 30 microM water Cl(-) resulted in a pronounced ionoregulatory disturbance (as indicated by a reduction in whole body Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity, unidirectional Na(+) uptake [Jin Na(+)], and whole body Na(+) and Cl(-) levels) and a reduction in extractable protein and wet weight. Thus, the mechanism of chronic silver toxicity appears to be similar to that observed during acute silver exposure in juvenile and adult fish, specifically an ionoregulatory disturbance. Higher water Cl(-) levels (300 and 3,000 microM Cl(-)) offered some degree of protection from the ionoregulatory disturbance, with only minor protective effects in terms of mortality. The protective effects of water Cl(-) on the toxicity of silver (as AgNO(3)) appear to be far less during chronic than during acute exposure. Mortality and larval Na(+) concentration, Jin Na(+), and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity all appear to be correlated with silver body burden and calculated water Ag(+) during chronic silver exposure. Thus, there appears to be potential to model chronic toxicity but not simply by recalibration of an acute model. A chronic model must be based on real chronic data because the protective effects of various ligands appear to be quantitatively very different from those in the acute situation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".