Effect of permeating solutions on complex permittivity of compacted clay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The complex permittivity of a natural clayey till (Halton Till) is measured before and after permeating with four different ionic contaminant solutions (CaCl2, MgCl2, NaCl, and acetic acid) to examine the effects of contaminant type and concentration on the complex permittivity of contaminated soil. The complex permittivity at 250 MHz is most sensitive to the concentration of the ions in the pore fluid, and a good linear correlation is obtained between the real and the imaginary parts of the complex permittivity and the concentrations of the anions, including chloride and acetate. These anions are distinguished by their own unique relationships for the simple solutions examined. Linear relationships also exist between the real and the imaginary parts of the complex permittivity and all of the cation species in the simple chloride salt solutions, namely Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+. The results provide the evidence that the complex permittivity of soils may be used to identify changes in soil pore-water chemistry. As such, it may have potential for use in the detection of soil contamination.Key words: environmental, dielectric, detection, contamination, waste management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".