Quasi-static thermo-electro-mechanical behaviour of piezoelectric stack actuators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Quasi-static thermo-electro-mechanical performance of annular and solid cylindrical piezoelectric actuators was studied by experimental means under electric fields varying from 0.3 to 1.8 kV mm −1 with a preload of 4.6 MPa over the temperature range of −30 to 125 °C. It was found that, for both annular and solid actuators, the electrically induced stroke increases steadily with temperature. Under electric fields larger than 1.0 kV mm −1 , a nonlinear transition zone exists in the stroke–temperature plot over the temperature range 25–50 °C. The dielectric constant was also found to increase with temperature. Preload dependence of displacement was measured up to 42 MPa at room temperature and found to be negligible below 30 MPa. A mathematical model that includes the linear piezoelectric effect and 90° domain switching effect was used to model the experimental results. The model shows reasonable agreement with experimental results at low and high driving fields.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".