Dormancy and flowering in two mariposa lilies (<i>Calochortus</i>) with contrasting distribution patterns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated patterns of dormancy and reproduction over time in two long-lived grassland perennial species, Calochortus lyallii Baker and Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl. Three populations of each species were monitored over 5 years near Osoyoos, British Columbia, at the northern range limit for C. lyallii and near the elevational limit for C. macrocarpus. On average, C. macrocarpus bulbs flowered less frequently but had higher fruit set and produced more seeds per capsule than C. lyallii bulbs. In C. lyallii, low fruit set was related primarily to premature abortion of buds and flowers, whereas the potentially higher seed production of C. macrocarpus was largely offset by deer herbivory. Prolonged bulb dormancy was common in both species, with up to 18% of C. lyallii and 26% of C. macro carpus bulbs dormant in a given population and year. Dormancy episodes typically lasted a single year, although episodes as long as 4 years were also recorded. In both species dormancy was synchronized across sites, implying that it was not a random occurrence within populations but a response to the same external factor(s). Population surveys involving geophytes should consider the possibility that the visible population is not necessarily indicative of actual population size, and that a population may still be extant even when no individuals are observed.Key words: Calochortus, bulb dormancy, herbivory, range limits, geophyte, population persistence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".