Comparison of Canola Meals Obtained with Conventional Methods and Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> with and without Ethanol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Canola meal is a potentially valuable protein source. Canola meals extracted with supercritical CO 2 (SC‐CO 2 ) were compared to pressed meal and meals extracted with hexane. With regard to the chemical composition, the glucosinolate, phenolic acid, tannin and phosphorus contents were determined in addition to proximate analysis. As for functionality, color, nitrogen solubility index (NSI), water and fat absorption, emulsifying capacity and stability, and overrun were determined. Both hexane‐ and SC‐CO 2 ‐extracted meals had a higher protein content than the pressed meal. The SC‐CO 2 ‐extracted meal had lower glucosinolate and higher phosphorus contents than hexane‐extracted meal. The phenolic acid contents of hexane‐ and SC‐CO 2 ‐extracted meals were similar, but were higher than those of meals extracted with SC‐CO 2 + ethanol. The color values of SC‐CO 2 ‐ and hexane‐extracted meals were similar and both were brighter than commercial meals (pressed and toasted). The NSI levels of SC‐CO 2 ‐ and hexane‐extracted meals were similar, but three times that of the commercial meal. Both hexane‐ and SC‐CO 2 ‐extracted meals had high water holding capacity, oil absorption, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability and overrun. Canola meal extracted with SC‐CO 2 was similar to hexane‐extracted meal in terms of both chemical composition and functionality, but was superior to commercial meals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".