BMSCs laden injectable amino-diethoxypropane modified alginate-chitosan hydrogel for hyaline cartilage reconstruction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We developed an injectable hydrogel composed of amino-diethoxypropane modified alginate and chitosan, and also investigated bone marrow mesenchy + mal stromal cells (BMSCs) laden hydrogel for cartilage reconstruction in vitro and in vivo. Different from the traditional oxidizing method, we first introduced an amino-diethoxypropane to the alginate and formed hemiacetal group on it. The hydrogel was formed when the modified alginate met with chitosan. We characterized the chemical and rheological properties of the hydrogel and investigated the growth of BMSC in hydrogel. Then, we used real-time qPCR to in vitro quantify the relative mRNA expressions of aggrecan, SOX9 and collagen II at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, and found that these genes significantly presented higher expression in Group IV (BMSCs seeded in hydrogel in chondrogenic culture medium) than in BMSCs seeded in hydrogel in routine medium group (Group II) or BMSCs in chondrogenic culture medium group (Group III). For further testing, we implanted BMSCs laden hydrogel to a rabbit knee cartilage defect model. After 12 weeks, the BMSCs laden hydrogel group presented a better repair than other groups in gross appearance using ICRS histological grading system. The level of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was measured, and the result showed 4.9-fold higher level of glycosaminoglycans in BMSCs laden hydrogel treated group than in the defect group. The result of real-time qPCR showed that the gene expression of aggrecan (5.8-fold), type II collagen (9-fold), proteoglycans (5.3-fold), and SOX9 (17.9-fold) were significantly higher in the BMSCs loaded hydrogel treated group than in defect group, but the type I collagen gene expression was lower (4.9-fold) in BMSCs loaded hydrogel treated group than in defect group. In the histology analysis of HE, Alcian blue, Toluidine blue, and Masson's trichrome staining, the results showed that the BMSCs laden hydrogel treated group formed more chondrocytes, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) than in the hydrogel treated group or defect group. Overall, our study showed that the developed injectable hydrogel can be loaded with BMSCs, and it can promote cartilage regeneration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".