Thermodynamic Parameters of β-Lactoglobulin−Pectin Complexes Assessed by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to determine the binding constant, stoichiometry, enthalpy, and entropy of beta-lactoglobulin/low- and high-methoxyl pectin (beta-lg-LM- and HM-pectin) complexes at 22 degrees C and at pH 4. The binding isotherms revealed the formation of soluble intrapolymer complexes (C1) further followed by their aggregation in interpolymer complexes (C2). The interaction between beta-lg and LM- or HM-pectin in C1 and C2 occurred spontaneously with a Gibbs free energy around -10 kcal/mol. The C1 were enthalpically driven, whereas enthalpic and entropic factors were involved in the C2 formation. Because ITC did not allow the dissociation of different enthalpic contributions, the values measured as pectin and beta-lg interacted could partially be attributed to conformational changes. The C1 had a binding stoichiometry of 8.3 and 6.1 beta-lg molecules complexed per LM- or HM-pectin molecule, respectively. The C2 had about 16.5 and 15.1 beta-lg molecules complexed per LM- and HM-pectin, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".