Amnesty Initiative and the Dilemma of Sustainable Development in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many decades of uncontrolledexploration and exploitation of petroleum resources have adversely affected the host communities in the Niger Delta. Living conditions have remained poor with devastated and polluted environments, destroyed livelihood, unemployement, and lost of lives among others and this constitutes what is generally referred to as Niger Delta Question.With these formidable odds that threaten their survival. The Niger Delta people, have agitated severally through peaceful and violent confrontations for the Niger Delta question to be answered. The Amnesty Initiative was a most recent approach designed for the militants to give up their arms and renounce militancy and also to answer the Niger Delta question. The paper examines theorertically the efficacy of the Amnesty Initiative in answering the Niger Delta question. Situating the discourse within economic integration theoretical framework, the paper argues succintly that, the amnesty initiative though a unique appraoch does not have what it takes to answer the Niger delta question. The paper therefore recommends among others that the Nigerian state and the oil companies must develop a holistic framework that can provide sustainable solutions to the unabated damage done to the Niger Delta environment.Keywords: Host communities, Niger Delta question,Oil exploration, Environmental degradation, Militants, Agitation, Amnesty initiative.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".