Pure <i>N</i>‐Alkylaminopropionic Acid and <i>N</i>‐Alkylaminodipropionic Acid Sodium Salts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Physicochemical Properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Fourteen pure β‐aminopropionic acid amphoteric surfactants were synthesized from methyl acrylate using primary amines. The synthesis was done in two steps. First, Michael addition of a primary amine to methyl acrylate gave two separable addition products. Second, because the resulting esters gave, by the classical saponification procedure, undesired retro‐Michael products, they were treated with sodium trimethylsilanolate to give the corresponding pure anhydrous acid salt under mild non‐aqueous reaction conditions. Two types of amphoteric surfactants were obtained: the monocarboxylate and the dicarboxylate series. The pure surfactants were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The surfactant critical micelle concentrations were evaluated. From these the Gibbs free energy of micellizations [∆ G (–CH 2 –) mic ] were calculated. These are related to the methylene units that contribute an average of −1.0 (±0.3) kJ mol −1 for both the monocarboxylate and the dicarboxylate series.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".