EXPERIMENTAL AND SIMULATION STUDIES OF HEAVY OIL/WATER RELATIVE PERMEABILITY CURVES: EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental, coreflood setup is used and the Johnson–Bossler–Naumann technique is applied to measure relative permeability of a heavy oil (1174 cP at 28°C) and water in a 1.5 darcy consolidated sandstone core. In order to investigate the effect of temperature on the shape of heavy oil/water relative permeability curves, a series of coreflood tests is conducted at three different temperatures (28°C, 40°C, and 52°C). Experimental results show an increase of approximately 66% and 51% in water relative permeabilities when temperature increased from 28°C to 40°C and from 40°C to 52°C, respectively. In the case of oil relative permeabilities, a different effect is observed. The oil relative permeability curve increases by about 69% from 28°C to 40°C, but dramatically decreases about 32% when temperature increases from 40°C to 52°C. A hybrid lab-scale model representing the experimental setup is constructed using CMG-Builder and CMG-IMEX to simulate waterfloods at 40°C to 52°C. Comparing recovery curves with experimental data shows that simulation of thermal enhanced oil recovery processes such as hot waterflooding with relative permeabilities taken at the temperature of process gives a better recovery prediction compared to simulation with relative permeabilities taken at room temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".