Gender and healthcare accessibility in Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Healthcare accessibility is necessary to achieve good health outcomes. However, access to healthcare can be decreased due to distance to healthcare centres, high costs, or waiting lists. The present study explored if there is a gender gap related to healthcare accessibility constraints. Methods: We performed a cross-country transversal study to investigate the existence of gender-related healthcare accessibility constraints using Mann-Whitney U tests. The research was based on self-reported unmet needs for medical examination due to access barriers according to Eurostat. We examined annual observations from 2005 through 2011 from eight European countries: Greece, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Conclusions: We found a gender gap related to unmet medical needs due to high costs, with females more likely to have such needs. The difference in mean values related to gender was statistically significant for Greece (5.17% vs. 3.59%; p = .007), France (1.80% vs. 1.23%; p = .007), Ireland (1.53% vs. 1.13%; p = .011), and Italy (4.39% vs. 2.99%; p = .004).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".