Characterization of monomer/crosslinker consumption and polymer formation observed in FT-Raman spectra of irradiated polyacrylamide gels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy was undertaken in the study of irradiated polyacrylamide gels (PAGs) used in 3D radiation dosimetry. By employing correlation techniques, monomer and crosslinker consumption were characterized in the spectra as a function of absorbed dose. The consumption of both monomer and crosslinker is monoexponential up to 13 Gy, although the rates of consumption differ for the two molecules. A sensitivity parameter, D0, in the exponential function has been used to characterize this difference. Up to 13 Gy, D0(acr) = 12 +/- 2 Gy while D0(bis) = 8.0 +/- 0.5 Gy, indicating that bis is consumed at a greater rate than acrylamide and that bis is the limiting factor in the onset of gel saturation, for a gel composition of 6% by weight total monomer (6%T) and where 3% of the total monomer is crosslinker (50%C). Direct evidence of polymer formation was observed in the Raman spectra of irradiated PAG. Polymer formation is monoexponential to a dose of 13 Gy, with a sensitivity parameter of D0(poly) = 14 +/- 2 Gy. This is in good agreement with the consumption rate of acrylamide. The exponential nature of the polymer formation observed here is compared with existing MRI and x-ray CT dose response measurements previously reported to be linear. The results confirm previous studies indicating that Raman spectroscopy provides a direct and useful tool for characterization of irradiated PAG.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".