Determination of the activity of H<sup>+</sup> ions within and beyond the pH meter range
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This work confirms that the activities of individual ions measured with ion‐selective electrodes are physically meaningful. The individual activities of the Cl − , Na + and K + ions in single‐electrolyte aqueous solutions of HCl, NaOH and KOH were measured at 298.2 K in the range from 0 to 2 molal. In the pH range from 1 to 13, the pH values calculated from the measured activities of the ions are in good agreement with the values obtained with a pH probe. In agreement with previous results for potassium ions, and opposite to the behavior of other cations in 1:1 electrolyte solutions, the K + and the H + ions were found to have smaller activities than their conjugate anions. The experimental activity coefficients of the ions were correlated with the Khoshkbarchi‐Vera equation and with the New Hydration Theory, and compared with the predictions given by the Pitzer theory.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".