Management Patterns and Health Care Use after Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The German cost-of-illness study of stroke is a multicenter study in 6 departments of internal medicine, 9 departments of general neurology and 15 departments of neurology with an acute stroke unit. The aims of this study are to describe the management patterns, cost of treatment and overall resource utilization after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) as well as the major differences to ischemic stroke (IS). METHODS: During a 12-month period, 30 participating centers with a special interest in stroke prospectively included 586 patients with ICH which were collected in a joint data bank. About 75% of all patients could be centrally followed up via structured telephone interviews after 3 and 12 months to assess further acute hospital and rehabilitation stays, outpatient resource utilization, functional outcome and quality of life. RESULTS: Mortality after 3 months (33.5%) was markedly higher than in patients with IS from the same hospitals. Accordingly, only 30.9% of patients had regained independent functional status after 3 months. Cumulative cost of treatment amounted to 5301 EUR for inpatient stay in the documenting hospital and 8920 EUR for the overall hospital stay including rehabilitation. Mean direct cost after discharge during the first year amounted to 4598 EUR and the loss of work force was equivalent to 5537 EUR in all surviving patients. CONCLUSION: This study provides a comprehensive overview of patient characteristics, treatment strategies and health care cost of ICH from a societal perspective in Germany.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".