Subsidence Control of Construction on Soft Soils with “Akar Foundation”
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Good quality soils are always preferred in development projects, where the bearing capacity of the grounds is sufficiently high and the resulting subsidence is non-excessive. However these sites may not be as readily available with increased population and land use, making it inevitable to construct on less favourable soils, like soft organic materials. To ensure long term stability of structures erected on such soft soils, elaborate and extensive foundation systems are generally required. Alternatively, pre-treatment with ground improvement techniques is necessary. Both these methods tend to incur high costs and labour as well as require prolonged construction period, while making a rather negative impact on the environment in terms of raw material sourcing, heavy machinery mobilization and exposure to the risk of groundwater contamination. This paper describes an exploratory study on a simple shallow foundation system for construction on soft soils, which can be a potentially cheaper and more sustainable approach. The foundation system, termed the “Akar Foundation”, literally translates as “Root Foundation”, is essentially a lightweight platform supported by a group of hollow stumps (i.e. PVC pipes). The ‘root’ base served dual functions: 1. to collectively assert a stronger grip of the soft soils, hence giving higher bearing capacity; 2. to spread the imposed structural load evenly into the subsoil, thus avoiding excessive and non-uniform settlements. The effects of the end condition of the pipes (i.e. open or close) as well as the spacing between the pipes on the foundation settlement mechanism were examined, with static load tests conducted using a lab-scale simulation chamber. The findings showed that the effectiveness of the “Akar Foundation” depends on the compatibility of the pipe spacing and individual pipe lengths, highlighting the inter-relationship between the mobilisation of end resistance, skin friction and formation of soil plug in the open-end system. In a promising light, the reduced subsidence suggest the potential of the “Akar Foundation” as an economical yet effective foundation system in economically challenged soft soil areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".