Destruction and injury of Escherichia coli during microwave heating under vacuum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: To study the effect of 2450 MHz microwave radiation under vacuum (vacuum microwave or VM) on survival and injury of Escherichia coli and to search for possible nonthermal effects associated with VM. METHODS AND RESULTS: Destruction kinetics of E. coli in peptone water were determined in a continuous-flow vacuum system, heated by convection heating in a water bath or with microwaves (VMs). Vacuum was used to control the boiling point of water and to maintain temperature in the bacterial suspensions at specified levels (49-64 degrees C). CONCLUSIONS: z-Value in the water bath treatment was 9.1 degrees C while for VM at 510 and 711 W it was 6.2 and 5.9 degrees C, suggesting that E. coli is more sensitive to temperature changes under microwave heating. Arrhenius calculations of the activation energies of the destruction reactions suggest that the mechanism of destruction in VM may be different from that of conventional heat. The number of injured micro-organisms showed no significant differences among treatments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The impact of temperature on E. coli destruction was different when microwaves were the medium of heat transfer, suggesting the existence of factors other than heat contributing to the lethal effect of VM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".