The involvement of SLC26 anion transporters in chloride uptake in zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) larvae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY After demonstrating phylogenetic relatedness to orthologous mammalian genes, tools were developed to investigate the roles of three members (A3, A4 and A6c) of the SLC26 anion exchange gene family in Cl–uptake and HCO3 excretion in embryos and larvae of zebrafish(Danio rerio). Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed the presence of SLC26 mRNA in gill primordia, mesonephros and heart(slc26a3 and a4 only) at 5–9 days postfertilization(d.p.f.). SLC26A3 protein was highly expressed in lateral line neuromasts and within the gill, was localized to a sub-population of epithelial cells, which often (but not always) coexpressed Na+/K+-ATPase. SLC26 mRNA levels increased with developmental age, peaking at 5–10 d.p.f.;the largest increases in rates of Cl– uptake(\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(J_{\mathrm{in}}^{\mathrm{Cl}^{-}}\) \end{document}) preceded the mRNA spike, occurring at 2–5 d.p.f. Raising zebrafish in water with a low [Cl–] caused marked increases in \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(J_{\mathrm{in}}^{\mathrm{Cl}^{-}}\) \end{document} at 3–10 d.p.f. and was associated with increased levels of SLC26 mRNA. Raising fish in water of high [Cl–] was without effect on \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(J_{\mathrm{in}}^{\mathrm{Cl}^{-}}\) \end{document} or SLC26 transcript abundance. Selective gene knockdown using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides demonstrated a significant role for SLC26A3 in Cl– uptake in larval fish raised in control water and roles for A3, A4 and A6c in fish raised in water with low [Cl–]. Prolonged (7 days) or acute (24 h) exposure of fish to elevated (2 or 5 mmol l–1) ambient [HCO3–] caused marked increases in Cl– uptake when determined in water of normal [HCO3–] that were accompanied by elevated levels of SLC26 mRNA. The increases in \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(J_{\mathrm{in}}^{\mathrm{Cl}^{-}}\) \end{document} associated with high ambient [HCO3–] were not observed in the SLC26 morphants (significant only at 5 mmol l–1HCO3– for A4 and 2 mmol l–1HCO3– for A6c). Net base excretion was markedly inhibited in the slc26a3 and a6c morphants thereby implicating these genes in Cl–/HCO3– exchange. The results suggest that under normal conditions, Cl– uptake in zebrafish larvae is mediated by SLC26A3 Cl–/HCO3– exchangers but under conditions necessitating higher rates of high affinity Cl–uptake, SlC26A4 and SLC26A6c may assume a greater role.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".