Thermal Effectiveness Correlation for a Shell and Tube Condenser with Noncondensing Gas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper analyzes the local effectiveness of a baffled horizontal shell and one-path tube condenser along the condensation path, including leakage of air as a noncondensing gas. Condensation of steam occurs in the shell side, and cooling water flows through the tubes. A new formulation is developed for the maximum heat transfer rate between two streams in the heat exchanger, when one stream undergoes a condensation process. The effects of air mass flow rate, upstream cooling water, steam-air mixture temperatures, steam flow rate, and cooling water flow rate on the effectiveness along the exchanger are numerically investigated. The results lead to a new correlation for the thermal effectiveness as a function of upstream cooling water temperature, air mass flow rate, heat capacitance ratio, and dimensionless temperature, defined as the ratio of the cooling water temperature gradient to the difference between the condensation and inlet cooling water temperatures. Furthermore, an analytical expression is derived for the exergy efficiency of the system, which shows how irreversibilites characterized by the entropy generation number and environment temperature affect the second law efficiency. Typical results of this expression are compared with results from past numerical work. Close agreement between these comparisons provide useful validation of the current model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".