X-ray and radio observations of the γ Cygni supernova remnant G78.2+2.1
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We analyse ROSAT and Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) X-ray observations and H i absorption spectra of the γ Cygni supernova remnant (G78.2+2.1, DR4). The ROSAT All-Sky Survey image shows that G78.2+2.1 has an adjacent limb-brightened shell north of it. A new ROSAT mosaic shows details of the X-ray emission over the entire face of G78.2+2.1. We also create Chandra mosaics that cover much of the northern rim and central regions of G78.2+2.1. The H i absorption spectra result in the association of G78.2+2.1 with the γ Cygni nebula, with a distance of 1.7–2.6 kpc. The Chandra spectra for G78.2+2.1 give an X-ray temperature of 0.6–1.2 keV (90 per cent error), and they show that a Sedov model has an age of 6800–10 000 yr. A compact power-law X-ray source in G78.2+2.1 is consistent with the same distance as G78.2+2.1. The northern X-ray shell is identified with a B3 star at a distance of 980 pc and it is proposed that this is a stellar wind bubble.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".