Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whiplash: Social Interventions and SolutionsTen years ago in The Journal, we commented that the concept of chronic whiplash as an injury was "an example of illness actually induced by society, in general, and by physicians in particular" 1 .Subsequent data have shown whiplash is an "injury" like no other, very much not in keeping with the effects of a localized disorder 2 .Second, the outcome of the acute injury depends on where you live.That is, the acute whiplash injury, thought to be not objectively demonstrable, appears to produce symptoms wherever there are cars and collisions, but chronic pain is attributed to that collision event in some cultures and not in others.For example, in Lithuania, Germany, and Greece, victims of motor vehicle collisions appear to report recovery within weeks to months rather than years 3,4 .Engineers have shown that the prognosis of acute whiplash, when analyzed in the context of traumatic principles and crash severity, is independent of injury severity.Culture, not crash, remains the best determinant of outcomes 5 .Finally, the outcome of the acute injury depends on what you expect.A large, populationbased prospective study of whiplash-injured in Saskatchewan, Canada, for example, has revealed that even after controlling for many other prognostic factors, the expectation of recovery (i.e., "I expect to recover soon" vs "I expect to recover slowly," or "I expect not to recover," or "do not know") is a strong predictor of self-reported outcome at 1 year 6 .Expectations appear to be culturally determined.Expectations of naïve subjects for the outcome of whiplash injury have been shown to be very different in North America than they are elsewhere, and are very much the same in Lithuania 7 , Germany 8 , and Greece 9 , countries with reportedly low rates of chronic whiplash.Perhaps because of expectations, social factors are important and explain why doctors and rodeo cowboys are relatively immune 10,11 .These observations have many possible explanations, but also possibly direct applications.Social interventions, such as changes in litigation and compensation schemes, Personal non-commercial use only.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".