Contrasting trends in North Atlantic deep‐water formation in the Labrador Sea and Nordic Seas during the Holocene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Holocene North Atlantic deep‐water formation is studied in a 9,000‐year long simulation with a coupled climate model of intermediate complexity, forced by changes in orbital forcing and atmospheric trace gas concentrations. During the experiment, deep‐water formation in the Nordic Seas is reduced due to an enhanced influx of sea ice from the Central Arctic, decreasing both surface salinity and density, whereas deep‐water formation in the Labrador Sea increases due to surface cooling. This leads to changes in the distribution of oceanic heat transported northwards by the Atlantic Ocean, with less heat released (−120 Wm−2 in February) in the Nordic Seas, amplifying the surface cooling and increasing the sea‐ice cover. In the Labrador Sea, the oceanic heat release increases slightly (+14 Wm−2), thus dampening locally the cooling trend. The overall Atlantic overturning strength remains constant throughout the experiment. Over the Nordic Seas, reduced evaporation contributes to the surface freshening.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".