Behaviour of copper and generation of oxygen during anodizing of Nb-Cu alloys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The anodic oxidation behaviour of two compositions of Nb–Cu alloy is examined with particular reference to the oxidation of copper at the alloy/film interface and the generation of oxygen within the anodic film. Anodizing of an Nb–3 at.% Cu alloy results in a uniform, niobia-based anodic film, with copper species, which migrate faster than Nb5+ ions, distributed throughout the film. The oxidation of copper proceeds without significant enrichment of copper in the alloy. Further, the film is free of bubbles of oxygen, which is not generated in significant amounts during film growth to relatively high voltages. In contrast, copious amounts of oxygen are generated during anodizing of an Nb–30 at.% Cu alloy, with the consequential development of a highly flawed anodic film of non-uniform thickness. The oxygen is present mainly in numerous bubbles located within the niobia-based film material. Bursting of the bubbles, with release of trapped oxygen, leads to a highly damaged film. The continuous generation of oxygen consumes much of the current and limits the anodizing voltage to a low value. The large-scale generation of oxygen for the more concentrated alloy is suggested to be associated with the distribution of copper in the alloy, with copper having a tendency to form copper-rich clusters, which are enhanced in size by an initial brief period of uniform film growth. Oxygen is then generated, probably following oxidation of such clusters. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".