Married Chinese Women's Labor Force and Self-Employment Participation in the United States in 1990: A New Look from Ethnic Subgroup Perspectives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines variations in the labor force and self-employment participation of married Chinese women in the United States in 1990. Using three measures of ethnicity from the 1990 census – race, place of birth and ancestral identification – the study found that each of the objective and subjective measures of ethnicity do no coincide perfectly, suggesting that Chinese immigrants in the United States rely on different ethnic dimensions to determine how they interpret their Chineseness. The findings of the study lean more towards the Emergent Ethnicity School given subgroup variations in women's paid labor force and self-employment participation on at least two ethnic dimensions — place of birth and ancestry. Married women born in Taiwan or claiming a Taiwanese origin differ in their economic participation in the United States compared to their counterparts from Mainland China. Future research needs to look into why behaviors of subgroups of Chinese vary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".