Cartilage Destruction Is Partly Induced by the Internal Proteolytic Enzymes and Apoptotic Phenomenon of Chondrocytes in Relapsing Polychondritis
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We analyzed 9 cases by immunohistochemical studies in order to elucidate the mechanisms of cartilage destruction in relapsing polychondritis (RP), which often involves the external auricle and respiratory tract through immunological disorder. METHODS: Cartilage tissues were obtained during surgical operations. Cell species in the granulation tissues, especially near the cartilage, were identified by cell-surface markers [CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD45 (LCA), and CD68]. The proteolytic enzymes expressed in the cells in the perichondral granulation and in chondrocytes themselves were analyzed by immunohistochemical studies using anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -1, -3, -8, -9, and -13, and cathepsin D, K, L, and elastase antibodies. Apoptosis and nitric oxide (NO), an apoptosis-related factor, were also examined using ApopTag and antinitrotyrosine antibody, respectively. RESULTS: Among cell species that infiltrated in perichondral granulation, LCA, CD68 (monocytes/macrophages), and CD4 cells were dominant in number; MMP-8, MMP-9, and elastase were expressed only in the perichondral granulation; whereas MMP-3 and cathepsin K and L were detected in both chondrocytes and granulations. Out of 9 cases examined, 6 revealed apoptotic cells in excess of 50% of chondrocytes. There was a strong correlation between the number of apoptotic cells and the number of MMP-3-positive (r = 0.83) and cathepsin K-positive cells (r = 0.92). Abundant NO-expressing cells were observed in the chondrocytes in degenerated cartilage, similar to apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Cartilage destruction in polychondritis is induced not only by perichondral inflammation, but also by intrinsic factors expressed in chondrocytes themselves, including certain kinds of proteolytic enzymes and apoptosis.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it