Characterization of thin water layers in pulp by tritium exchange. Part 2: Effect of refining on water absorption
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The surface area of pulp increases upon refining, which also increases the quantity of bound water. The subfraction of water attached to the surface as a monolayer can be determined by adding tritiated water to a pulp/water suspension and measuring the distribution of tritium between the pulp and bulk water. For bleached kraft pulp the tightly bound water slowly increases with progressive refining, increases sharply at 360 ml Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF), and then falls below CSF 220 ml. The fiber saturation point displays a similar profile, although the changes are much less pronounced. It is proposed that refining occurs in three discrete stages. First, refining down to CSF 360 ml removes the primary cell wall and S1 layer, while the S2 layer begins to swell. Next, internal delamination occurs within the S2 layer between CSF 360 and 220 ml, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The onset of delamination is sudden: dramatic changes in fiber structure occur at CSF 360 ml, at which point the tightly bound water content rapidly increases. Finally, fiber destruction occurs below CSF 220 ml.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".