Temporal dynamics in foraging behavior of a pelagic predator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A paradox exists between common observations of highly complex food webs in nature and prevailing ecological theory suggesting that complex food webs are unstable. Qualities of food webs, such as dynamic trophic links, that were not previously considered in theoretical models have been suggested to stabilize complex food webs and resolve this paradox. Flexible foraging behavior can result in dynamic trophic linkages between a predator and its prey over short time scales. Using 4 years of data on diets of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and the zooplankton community from Lake Washington (Seattle, Washington, USA), we determined that juvenile sockeye show dynamic foraging behavior that depends solely on the density of its preferred prey, Daphnia. Juvenile sockeye consumed only Daphnia when their density was greater than 0.4·L1. Long-term patterns in Daphnia densities demonstrated that for the last 28 years, trophic links between sockeye and the less preferred copepods are eliminated for approximately 6 months of each year when Daphnia is above this switching density threshold. Our data provide a convincing empirical example of the activation and inactivation of trophic links occurring on short time scales as a result of dynamic foraging and help to explain the commonness of high-complexity food webs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".