A Multisolute Osmotic Virial Equation for Solutions of Interest in Biology
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The osmotic virial equation was used to predict osmolalities of solutions of interest in biology. The second osmotic virial coefficients, Bi, account for the interactions between identical solute molecules. For multisolute solutions, the second osmotic virial cross coefficient, Bij, describes the interaction between two different solutes. We propose to use as a mixing rule for the cross coefficient the arithmetic average of the second osmotic virial coefficients of the pure species, so that only binary solution measurements are required for multisolute solution predictions. Single-solute data were fit to obtain the osmotic virial coefficients of the pure species. Using those coefficients with the proposed mixing rule, predictions were made of ternary solution osmolality, without any fitting parameters. This method is shown to make reasonably accurate predictions for three very different ternary aqueous solutions: (i) glycerol + dimethyl sulfoxide + water, (ii) hemoglobin + an ideal, dilute solute + water, and (iii) bovine serum albumin + ovalbumin + water.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it