Structures of human PKG reveal cGMP-selectived activation mechanisms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a key secondary messenger that is produced in response to nitric oxide. One of the key mediators of cGMP signaling, cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), is activated upon binding to cGMP and phosphorylates downstream substrates in a process required for important physiological processes such as vasodilation, nociception, and memory formation. PKGs are also known to mediate most effects of drugs that increase cellular cGMP levels, including nitric oxide-releasing agents and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which are used for the treatment of angina pectoris and erectile dysfunction, respectively. It is known that PKG is preferentially activated by cGMP over cAMP roughly 60-100 fold – however, the molecular mechanism by which cGMP is distinguished from a structurally similar messenger, cAMP, is poorly defined. Using competition fluorescence polarization (FP), X-ray crystallography, and in vitro kinase assays, we sought to understand the molecular basis for cGMP selectivity in PKGI. We determined using competition FP that the C-terminal cGMP-binding domain (CNB-B) is a minimal construct that has 200-fold selectivity for cGMP. Using X-ray crystallography, we solved the structures of CNB-B bound to cGMP (1.65 Å) and in the apo form (2.0Å). The CNB-B:cGMP complex structure reveals that highly conserved residues om strand beta 5 and the C-helix of PKGIβ interact specifically with the guanine moiety through hydrogen bonding and π stacking interactions, providing over 240-folds cGMP selectivity. Mutagenesis of these residues demonstrates their importance not only in cGMP selectivity, but also in activation. Surprisingly, comparison with the apo structure reveals that the pocket is not preformed, but assembled through major structural rearrangements of the helical domain. Our affinity measurements demonstrate that CNB-B is a minimal domain that provides cGMP selectivity for PKG I, while our X-ray structures of CNB-B reveal contacts unique to PKG that confer cGMP selectivity. Furthermore, kinase assays show that these contacts play a role in cGMP-dependent activation of the full-length protein. Taken together, our data suggest that PKGI has a unique mode of recognition for cGMP and describes conformational changes required for activation of the full-length kinase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".