Hydraulic conductivity to Jet-A1 of GCLs after up to 100 freeze–thaw cycles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Needle-punched geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) specimens subjected to up to 100 freeze–thaw cycles in the laboratory, and GCL samples recovered from the field after 3 years, are examined to assess their permeability with respect to both water and Jet A-1 fuel using flexible wall permeameters. The mean GCL hydraulic conductivity with respect to water is shown to be 3·3 × 10 –11 m/s before freeze–thaw. The mean hydraulic conductivities after up to 100 freeze–thaw cycles did not change significantly, and were in the range 2·2–5·3 × 10 –11 m/s. Freeze–thaw cycles did reduce the entry pressure required for Jet A-1 to begin to permeate through the GCL from about 27 to 55 kPa with no freeze–thaw cycles to 13·8–20·7 kPa for 3 to 50 freeze–thaw cycles, and to 0–13·8 kPa after 100 freeze–thaw cycles. For the GCL specimens subjected to 5, 12 and 50 freeze–thaw cycles in the laboratory, the hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet A-1 is less than 3 × 10 –11 m/s at a pressure just above the entry pressure, compared with less than 3 × 10 –12 m/s for GCL samples recovered from the field. The combined effect of many freeze–thaw cycles and permeation with Jet A-1 did result in an increase in hydraulic conductivity; however, the effect was small, and the GCL performed well with a maximum hydraulic conductivity of 1 × 10 –10 m/s after 100 freeze–thaw cycles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".