Dependence of Molecular Kinetics of Asphaltene Cracking on Chemical Composition
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Asphaltenes from Iranian Light, Khafji and Maya were cracked in batch reactors at 350, 370, 390, 410, and 430°C under hydrogen to produce liquid products for kinetic analysis. The cracking kinetics of the asphaltenes and their intermediates were analyzed on a total molar basis, to avoid the assumptions inherent in lumped kinetics. The overall reactivity of the three asphaltenes was similar for reaction times from 1 to 37 min. The behavior of Khafji was distinct in its initial high reactivity of sulfur species, while the high yield of hydrocarbon gases from Iranian Light was likely due to the poly-alkyl side chains of the aromatic rings. The apparent first order activation energies were in between 170 and 255 KJ/mol. The activation energies were in the sequence Iranian Light > Maya > Khafji. Keywords: asphaltenechemical structurecrackingkinetic modelselectivity ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge the financial support of Idemitsu Kosan, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan through international collaborative research and development project. Many helpful conversations with Ryuzo Tanaka, Shinya Sato, and Toshi Takanohashi are gratefully acknowledged. Current address for Samina Rahmani: National Centre for Upgrading Technology, Devon, Alberta. Notes a CitationTanaka et al. (2003). b CitationZhang et al. (2005). a Errors are standard error of the slope from Figure 5 b Data from CitationZhao et al. (2001).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it