Effects of impurities on CO2 transport, injection and storage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effects of impurities in CO2 streams on geological storage of CO2 have been investigated. A number of key issues have been addressed, and several significant findings have been made. Highlighted among the findings are: (1) non-condensable impurites such as N2, O2 and Ar greatly reduce CO2 storage capacity of geological formations, and there is a maximum reduction of the storage capacity at a certain pressure under a given temperature. By contrast, impurities which are more condensable than CO2, such as SO2, can increase the storage capacity, and there is a maximum increase at a certain pressure under a given temperature; (2) change of density caused by non-condensable gas impurities results in lower injectivity of impure CO2 into geological formations. However, above a threshold pressure range the injectivity could reach the level of pure CO2 due to lowered viscosity; (3) non-condensable impurities increase the buoyancy of the CO2 plume. This would negatively affect the efficiency of solubility trapping and residual trapping of CO2. (4) the effect of SO2 on reduction of rock porosity and hence CO2 injectivity would be much smaller than previously thought. A simple formula has been developed to enable quick determination of the effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".