Zinc Metabolism in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent studies have focused attention on the possible role of zinc depletion in the pathogenesis of uremic symptoms such as dysgeusia and impotence. The present studies were undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of zinc deficiency and abnormalities of zinc metabolism in patients with end-stage renal disease. A total of 43 stable chronic hemodialysis patients were screened for evidence of zinc deficiency by measurement of fasting predialysis leukocyte and plasma zinc. The results were compared with those from 30 healthy volunteers. Seventeen of these 43 patients had 65Zn absorption measured, and in 9 the rate of disappearance of 65Zn from the body was also measured. The results were compared with those obtained in 20 healthy controls. The nutritional status of these 17 patients was estimated by global nutritional assessment and calculation of the Quetelet index while 9 of 17 had dietary zinc intake calculated from a diet history. The mean plasma zinc level was lower in the hemodialysis patients (11.7 ± 2.3μmol/lvs. 13.3 ± 2.9 μmol/l in controls; p < 0.05). The mean leukocyte zinc level was 0.81 ± 0.27 μmol/g dry weight in dialysis patients and 0.81 ± 0.22 μmol/g in controls (p > 0.2). The mean 65Zn absorption in the patients was 49 ± 14% and in controls 53 ± 12% (p > 0.2). Mean turnover of body 65Zn was 0.47 ± 0.11 %/day in patients and 0.43 ± 0.18%/day in controls (p > 0.1). The mean 65Zn half-life was 154 ± 29 days in patients and 187 ± 75 days in controls (p > 0.05). Nine patients were regarded as undernourished. The mean leukocyte zinc level in these patients was 0.53 ± 0.21 μmol/g and 0.64 ± 0.29 μmol/g in the 8 well-nourished patients (p < 0.05). The mean 65Zn absorption in the undernourished patients was 44 ± 18% and 53 ± 10% in the well-nourished patients (p > 0.1). Dietary zinc was normal (10.2 ± 4.8 mg/day) and did not correlate with plasma zinc, leukocyte zinc, or 65Zn absorption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".