A novel density-based geolocation algorithm for a noncooperative radio emitter using power difference of arrival
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a novel density-based geolocation algorithm for locating a non-cooperative radio emitter using measurements of the power difference of arrival (PDOA), also known as received signal strength difference (RSSD). Consider a 2D space in a Cartesian coordinate system with <i>N</i> sensors and one stationary radio emitter and assume that the distance from a sensor to the radio emitter is the hypotenuse of a right triangle. For any combination of three sensors, there exists a system of three Pythagorean equations that can be transformed into a system of three circle equations whose centers and radii are related to the corresponding PDOA measurements. The intersections of the circles represent possible locations for the radio emitter. For <i>N</i> sensors, we can have a maximum of <i>N(N-1)</i> intersections of the circles. Dividing the 2D space into a grid, each grid cell contains a certain number of intersections. This method finds the grid cell with the highest intersection density and uses the center of this cell as the position fix estimate. MATLAB-based numerical simulations were used to evaluate the performance of this algorithm for various scenarios and parameters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".