Biocompatibility Testing of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Murine Preosteoblasts: Higher Osteoblastic Differentiation with BMP-9 Than with BMP-2
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used in orthopaedic applications because of their exceptional mechanical properties. However, the influence of CNTs on the behaviour of bone-forming cells and on the ability of these cells to respond to growth factors, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), remains poorly known. Therefore, in the present study, single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) were synthesised using an induction thermal plasma process and purified using a multistep procedure. The impact of these purified SWCNTs on the Smad activation, cell proliferation and differentiation, with or without BMP-2 and BMP-9 (1.92 nM), was also studied using western blot, mitochondrial enzymatic activity, TUNEL, RT-PCR and alkaline phosphatase activity analyses. Pre-treatment of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts with SWCNTs accelerated the Smad1/5/8 activation, induced by both BMP-2 and BMP-9, within 15 min. It also slightly affected their proliferation at 48 h without apoptosis. Interestingly, at 72 h, BMP-9 favoured the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts pretreated with SWCNTs to a larger extent than BMP-2 did. Therefore, the combination of BMP-9 with SWCNTs appears to be a promising avenue for bone applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".