Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Stress sensitivity of a naturally fractured reservoir is regarded as pronounced where pressure decrease induced by production is believed to cause significant changes in fracture apertures. Most laboratory investigations suggest that decrease in reservoir pressure would lead to great loss of fracture conductivity and rapid production decline. But till today, no such evidence from the production practices has been documented; on the contrary, there are some reported cases where depletion could potentially maintain even increase the extraction rate. To solve the discrepancy, experiments were performed when permeability of fractured cores was measured in the process of increasing confining pressure with a constant pore pressure. In production, formation overburden pressure represented by laboratory confining pressure seldom alters and it is the pore pressure that virtually changes. To cope with that, effective stress was applied in the study, where Biot's coefficient for fracture effective stress was theoretically derived and found equal to fracture porosity. Improved evaluation method was then given based on effective stress and stress-dependent permeability correlations. At last, a general evaluation criterion was established where stress sensitivity levels were classified based on Stress-sensitivity Index. The evaluation of four cores reveals that, the stress-dependence of fracture permeability turns out to be weak if evaluated with a low value of Biot's coefficient directly resulting from small fracture porosity. The study also indicates that fracture is strongly sensitive to confining pressure change in laboratory, but only weakly sensitive to the reservoir pressure change in production, which might reconcile the discrepancy between laboratory study and production practice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".