Effect of Illite Clay and Divalent Cations on Bitumen Recovery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The adverse effect of illite clay on bitumen recovery was found to be related to its acidity. The addition of calcium or magnesium ions to the flotation deionized water had a marginal effect on bitumen recovery when measured using a Denver flotation cell. However, the co-addition of illite clay and divalent cations caused a significant reduction in bitumen recovery. The effect was found to be compounded at a lower process temperature and low pH values. Zeta potential distributions of illite suspensions and bitumen emulsions were measured individually and as a mixture to investigate the effect of divalent cations on the interaction between bitumen and illite clay. The presence of 1 mM calcium or magnesium ions in deionized water had a significant effect on the interactions between bitumen and illite clay. Slime coating of illite onto bitumen was not observed in zeta potential distribution measurements performed in alkaline tailings water. On a trouvé que l'effet adverse de l'argile d'illite sur la récupération de bitume était relié à son acidité. L'ajout d'ions de calcium ou de magnésium à l'eau déionisée de flottation a un effet marginal sur la récupération de bitume lorsqu'on la mesure avec une cellule de flottation de Denver. Toutefois, l'ajout combiné d'argile d'illite et de cations divalents entraîne une réduction significative de la récupération de bitume. On a trouvé que les effets étaient combinés à une faible température de procédé et de faibles valeurs de pH. Les distributions de potentiel zéta des suspensions d'illite et des émulsions de bitume ont été mesurées individuellement et dans le mélange afin d'étudier les effets des cations divalents sur l'interaction entre le bitume et l'argile d'illite. La présence de 1 mM d'ions de calcium ou de magnésium dans l'eau déionisée a un effet significatif sur les interactions entre le bitume et l'argile d'illite. On n'a pas observé de couche de boues d'illite sur le bitume dans les mesures de distributions de potentiel zéta obtenues dans de l'eau de rejets alcaline.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".