Investigation of carbonyls in cloudwater during ICARTT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Air borne measurements carried out in the summer of 2004 in the lower Great Lakes region as part of the ICARTT 2004 study are used to examine the effects of clouds on the carbonyls in the atmosphere. Concentrations of seven carbonyl species in bulk cloudwater samples were measured with concurrent gas phase HCHO measurements. In the cloudwater, the most abundant carbonyl was HCHO with a median value of 11.9 μmol L−1, followed by acetaldehyde (4.3 μmol L−1), acetone (1.9 μmol L−1), pentanal (1.4 μmol L−1), benzaldehyde (0.5 μmol L−1), butanal (0.4 μmol L−1), and propanal (0.2 μmol L−1). The relative abundance of propanal to acetaldehyde in the cloudwater was substantially lower than estimates from primary emissions. The cloudwater abundance of HCHO relative to the sum of the other carbonyls was found to increase with altitude in the clouds that penetrated the boundary layer. During most flights, the total in‐cloud HCHOt (cloudwater + interstitial gas phase) was similar to cloud base HCHOg, suggesting that HCHO was distributed between the two phases through partitioning governed by Henry's law. However, during at least one flight, HCHOt was significantly depleted in the cloud. Finally, the equilibrium gas phase mixing ratios predicted from the cloudwater for all carbonyls but HCHO were much higher than previously measured in the gas phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".