SCAVENGING OF WATERFOWL CARCASSES BY BIRDS IN AGRICULTURAL FIELDS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the Fraser River Delta, scavenging of poisoned waterfowl by raptors during winter has led to secondary anticholinesterase poisoning. During the winters of 1996 and 1998, we used still and video photography to examine scavenging activity on waterfowl carcasses in agricultural fields. Carcass discovery was rapid for both study years; all but two of 54 carcasses were found within 72 h, and 77.8% were found within 24 h (primarily in the first 12 h after sunrise). Single duck carcasses attracted a mean of 16.6 individual scavengers (range 0–79). Seven different species fed on a carcass at least once during 1998, with Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and Northwestern Crows (Corvus caurinus) being the most common scavengers. In 1996, Bald Eagles arrived first in 26.7% of the trials. In 1998, Northwestern Crows arrived first in 50.0% of the trials with Bald Eagles and Northern Harriers (Circus cyaneus) each arriving first in 16.7% of the trials. Results demonstrate that individual poisoned duck carcasses can place numerous scavengers of a variety of species at risk for secondary poisoning due to high incidence of discovery and rapid exchange of information among birds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".