Effect of compatibilizer and fillers on the properties of injection molded lignin‐based hybrid green composites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Composites were prepared from poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), lignin, and switchgrass using extrusion followed by injection molding techniques. The effects of the fillers (lignin and switchgrass) and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI) compatibilizer on the physicomechanical and thermal properties of the composites were investigated. Use of hybrid filler (1 : 1 lignin : switchgrass) resulted in slight improvement in the flexural strength of the composites. Incorporation of 1% PMDI into the hybrid filler reinforced composites significantly enhanced properties compared with the neat PBS which accounts for improvements in the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) by nearly 165%, 375%, and by 24°C respectively. Lignin exhibited some effects on the thermal properties of composites. However, switchgrass demonstrated a minor effect on the thermal behavior of the composites compared with the lignin. An improved interface was observed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the compatibilized hybrid composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".