Spectroscopic Probes of the Quasi-Liquid Layer on Ice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Raman spectra of the water OH-stretch region were acquired at air-ice and air-water interfaces at a glancing angle, which allowed observation of surface characteristics. The shapes of the OH-stretch bands indicate that the environment at the air-ice interface is different from that at the air-water interface and from that seen in bulk water. Water spectra measured at the surface of dodecane under low relative humidity indicate that this method is sensitive to fewer than 50 monolayers of water. Changes in the local environment of the surfacial water molecules may be induced by the presence of different solute species, giving rise to changes in the shape of the band. Dissolved sodium chloride disrupts hydrogen bonding in liquid water and has the same effect at the air-ice interface. However, when either HCl or HNO(3) is adsorbed from the gas phase onto an ice surface, the opposite effect is seen: Their presence appears to increase the extent of hydrogen bonding at the ice surface. At the same time, shifts in the laser-induced fluorescence spectra of acridine, a fluorescent pH-probe present at the air-ice interface, indicate that dissociation of acids occurs there. These observations suggest that the formation of hydronium ions at the air-ice interface enhances the hydrogen bonding of surfacial water molecules.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".